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Gear parameters

mm
For b/m ratio check only
Recommended z₁ ≥ 17 (α = 20°)

Results

ParameterValueUnitFormula
ParameterValueUnitFormula
Gear pairValueUnitFormula / note

Formulas & design notes

Basic diameters

d = m · z (pitch circle)
da = m · (z + 2 + 2x) (tip)
df = m · (z − 2.5 + 2x) (root)
db = d · cos α (base)

Centre distance

a = m·(z₁+z₂)/2 (standard)
a' = m·(z₁+z₂)/2 · cosα/cosα'
inv(α') = inv(α) + 2(x₁+x₂)·tanα / (z₁+z₂)
inv(φ) = tan(φ) − φ [rad]

Contact ratio

εα = (√(da1²−db1²) + √(da2²−db2²) − 2a'sinα') / (2π·m·cosα)

εα ≥ 1.0 required; εα ≥ 1.2 recommended for smooth running.

Undercut & profile shift

z_min = 2 / sin²α ≈ 17 (α=20°)
x_min = 1 − z·sin²α/2

Positive x increases tip and root diameter, shifts tooth toward tip — avoids undercut on small pinions.

Circular & base pitch

p = π · m (circular pitch)
pb = p · cos α (base pitch)

Base pitch must be equal for both gears — automatically satisfied when module and pressure angle are shared.

Design recommendations

  • Gear ratio i = z₂/z₁ ≤ 5…6 for single stage
  • Face width b = (6…12)·m typical
  • z₁ ≥ 17 avoids undercut at α = 20° without profile shift
  • Contact ratio εα ≥ 1.2 for quiet running
  • Tip clearance c* = 0.25·m (standard)